Operations Plunder and Varsity

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400 women from the Soviet Union became known as the night witches of WWII. These pilots endured frigid temperatures, braved radio- and parachute-less missions, and delivered 23,000 tons of bombs on Nazi frontline positions.

The Geneva Convention was a humanitarian agreement regarding conduct and treatment of wounded, captured, or civilian enemies of war. First signed in 1859 by 12 nations, today the expanded agreement is signed by 190 countries.

The history of the harmonica dates back to an 1100 BC Chinese instrument called a Sheng, until the modern mouth organ debuted in 1820, rapidly spreading across Europe and the US. Beloved by vaudevillians, Hollywood westerns, blues musicians, and more.

Jesse James was raised in a slave-owning, Confederate-sympathizing family and is believed to have channeled his post-Civil War anger into robbing trains, stagecoaches, and banks. He was later assassinated by a new recruit to his gang after a large reward was offered for James’ capture.

In the bloodiest day of the American Civil War, the Battle of Antietam was fought near Sharpsburg, Maryland on September 17th, 1862, when the Union Army faced Confederate offensive into the north.

After the Qin Empire fell, Liu Bang became the first Han Dynasty emperor in 202 B.C. The Han Dynasty brought the birth of paper and advances in writing and art until it lost control in 220 A.D.

Tammany Hall was a political powerhouse in New York City from 1789 until its slow unraveling in the mid 1900s. Boss Tweed and others would become infamous for corruption and embezzlement of millions in taxpayer dollars.