Great Deceptions in Military History

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Following decades of indigenous pushback against French colonization in Southeast Asia, France’s victory over China in the Sino-French War handed control of modern Vietnam, Thailand and more.

As Europeans settled the New England Colonies of Plymouth and more, early trade with Native Americans included the transmission of foreign diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, cholera and more, decimating native populations.

The Napoleonic Wars began within a year of Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power in France, including attempted invasions of much of Europe before his eventual defeat in 1815.

In 1858, British Imperialism exerted governance over India for the next 89 years, until Gandhi and others began peaceful protests for independence.

While studying in Portugal, Christopher Columbus became convinced a Northwest Passage to Asia existed and was motivated to find it. Sponsored by the Spanish monarchy, Columbus made three voyages to the New World, mostly throughout the Bahamas.

The Progressive Era from 1896 to 1916 was a period of social reform from the excesses of the Gilded Age, promoting prohibition, suffrage, corporate governance, labor laws, and more.

Medieval architecture is still visible in many cathedrals, castles, fortifications and government buildings throughout Europe. The period is further distinguished into Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic styles.