The Philippine Independence Day is a national holiday in the Philippines celebrated on June 12th each year. It commemorates the country’s declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule in 1898. The day is marked with various activities and events, including parades, flag-raising ceremonies, cultural performances, and historical reenactments. It is a time for Filipinos to reflect on their history and celebrate their freedom and national identity.

Some of the most famous gamblers in history include Wild Bill Hickok, who was known for his poker skills, and Nick “The Greek” Dandalos, a high-stakes gambler who won and lost millions. Other notable gamblers include Titanic Thompson, who was known for his hustling skills, and Archie Karas, who famously turned $50 into $40 million.

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that originated in France in the 12th century and is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It is known for its tall, intricate designs and large windows that allow for abundant natural light.

The Dreyfus Affair was a political scandal in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, involving the wrongful conviction of Jewish army officer Alfred Dreyfus for treason. The case exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism in French society and led to a public outcry for justice and reform.

Giulia Tofana was a notorious Italian woman known as “The Poison Queen” for selling toxic concoctions to women seeking to escape abusive marriages. Operating in the 17th century, she was eventually caught and executed for her crimes. Tofana’s actions shed light on the desperate measures some women took to gain freedom in a patriarchal society.

Vichy France was the collaborationist government established in 1940 during World War II in the unoccupied zone of France. Led by Marshal Philippe Pétain, it cooperated with Nazi Germany and enacted anti-Semitic laws. Vichy France was dissolved after the liberation of France in 1944.

The Jewish expulsion from Spain in 1492 was a significant event in history, as thousands of Jews were forced to leave the country or convert to Christianity. This expulsion marked the end of centuries of Jewish presence in Spain and had far-reaching consequences for the Jewish community, leading to diaspora and persecution in other parts of Europe.