The Carolingian Renaissance brought an explosive rise in literature, arts, architecture, jurisprudence and efficient management, production, and a surplus economy during the early Middle Ages.

Established in 1624, New Amsterdam and New Netherland was a Dutch colony in North America, which lasted until 1664 when the British seized and reincorporated the land as New York City.

In 1835, a fictional writer Dr. Andrew Grant published in the New York Sun newspaper about having seen life on the moon through a new high-power telescope in South Africa. The popularity and global phenomena of the six articles would be known as the Great Moon Hoax of 1835.

On March 11th, 2011, Japan was hit with a trifecta of tragedy including the Tōhoku earthquake, subsequent Tsunami and nuclear reactor meltdown of Fukushima. The loss of life, property, and GDP made 3.11 one of the worst events in Japanese history.

After the Cold War, the USSR was in a period of economic stagnation and reform towards free market capitalism which led to the loss of their baltic state territories and ultimately the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The Inca Empire began in the 12th Century and expanded through military conquest and diplomacy to span 2,500 miles from modern-day Ecuador to Chile. The Incan empire was conquered by Spanish explorers seeking rumored gold and riches.

The Middle Ages or Medieval Period occurred between the fall of Rome in 476 AD and Europe’s Renaissance period beginning around the 14th Century. It was marked by religious fervor and crusades, as well as agricultural advances and population growth.