Louis Pasteur, born 1822 in France, revolutionized microbiology with germ theory, pasteurization, and vaccines for anthrax and rabies. He founded the Pasteur Institute.

Deer, belonging to the family Cervidae, are hoofed mammals found on every continent except Antarctica and Australia, including a single species in Africa. This diverse group contains 47 species across 23 genera, such as muntjac, elk, red and fallow deer, caribou, white-tailed and roe deer, moose, and others. Historically, deer have been vital for human survival, mythology, and religion. However, they also carry diseases like bovine tuberculosis, impacting agriculture.

Frogs, with over 7,000 species, are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of amphibians dating back to the Permian Period, around 265 million years ago. Found globally except in Antarctica, they represent 88% of all amphibians. Male frogs have unique calls for mating, and their lifecycle includes a metamorphosis from water-breathing tadpoles to land-capable adults. Frogs’ skin plays a vital role in respiration and health. However, since the 1980s, over 120 species have gone extinct, with a third threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and diseases like chytridiomycosis, highlighting significant environmental concerns.

Bats, the only true flying mammals, are often misunderstood, with over 1,400 species worldwide. Most eat insects, aiding in pest and disease control, while others consume fruit, pollinate flowers, or catch fish. They use echolocation for hunting and navigation, roosting in remote areas during the day. Bats are crucial for insect control and their guano supports cave ecosystems.

The Hawthorne Effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior when they are aware of being observed. This effect can lead to improved performance and productivity in various settings, such as workplaces and research studies.

Flies, a diverse insect order known as Diptera, typically have one set of wings and Halteres for balance. They lay hundreds of eggs in moist environments, with a short life cycle. Some benefit humans through pollination and pest control, while others, like mosquitoes, spread diseases like malaria and yellow fever. Flies have played both positive and negative roles in human history.

Whales, marine mammals descended from land relatives like the hippopotamus, vary greatly in size, with the massive blue whale being the largest known animal on Earth. They have diverse reproductive habits and migration patterns. Two whale groups are Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales), with distinct feeding methods. Whales are known for their complex communication and were heavily hunted for resources in the past.